Religion, Judaism, And Islam - 1389 Words

The city of Jerusalem, located in the country of Israel, is considered to be one of the holiest cities on Earth. 890,428 individuals are currently living in the city (â€Å"Where is Jerusalem†). What makes Jerusalem such a holy land is because of its significance to three religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam (â€Å"History of Jerusalem†). While Jerusalem is considered â€Å"the holy land†, it is also a place that has endured countless wars, bloodshed, and controversy. The city has been ruled by infamous leaders and praised individuals, it is a city with a very rich history, and its history allows one to understand the vital role it plays in the Palestine-Israel conflict. Abraham, the father of Judaism, is the root of Jerusalem’s holiness. It is said that the Lord appeared to Abraham and said that a land (Jerusalem) would be given to both him and his descendants (â€Å"History of Jerusalem†). It is said God spoke to Abraham and set him throug h a series of â€Å"trials† in which Abraham proved time after time. His loyalty to the lord never faltered, and thus, Judaism was born (â€Å"Abraham†). Jews revere this man as the first person to teach the idea of monotheism, and it is Abraham as well, who is deeply rooted with the beginnings of Islam (â€Å"Abraham†). The Jewish king David captured the city of Jerusalem from the Jebusites about 1,000 years before the birth of Christ (â€Å"History of Jerusalem†). King David is explicitly known for his wish to build a beautiful new temple in which he could honorShow MoreRelatedJudaism And Islam : Abrahamic Religions Essay2387 Words   |  10 PagesPhilosophy of Religion Judaism Islam Abrahamic Religions/Religions of the Book It may be common to think of each religion as something completely separate from every other religion, however, this is far from true. In a similar way that Buddhism evolved from the previously established Hinduism, there are three â€Å"Abrahamic Religions† that are said to stem from the patriarch Abraham: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The three (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) are also regarded as â€Å"religions of the book†Read MoreReligions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam1162 Words   |  5 Pages1. God to the people of the big three monotheist religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) see god as an all-knowing, all-seeing, and all-powerful being. I believe that that the Cosmological argument gives good reason to believe in the existence of God. The Cosmological argument focuses on everything having a cause except one thing that started it all, this starter is known as the â€Å"Prime Mover†. The Prime Mover is the one that starts everything without anything having a previous effect on it. WithRead MoreAbrahamic Religions : Judaism, Christianity, And Islam1407 Words   |  6 PagesAbrahamic Religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam ​The Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the three key Western Religions they all exercise monotheism, achieving peace though justice, God’s love and mercy, all three trace back to the prophet Abraham in some way, even though he was first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. These three religions are very closely unified because they share many common beliefs and thoughts, and they all rely on holy books or scriptures as a life-guidedRead MoreWorld Religion : Judaism, Hinduism, And Islam Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Religion At first glance and hearing about, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam these five religions-look and sound a lot alike. Each one was founded and developed by mankind, follow a list of religious principles and directives to live by, and they all share the same consciousness of wrong doings being reconciled. Because anyone can strike up a new religion at any time, however, religion cannot be judged on how it looks or sounds. As a comparison we will see just how differentRead MoreHinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, And Religion1531 Words   |  7 PagesHinduism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism these are the different types of religions that exist in our society. Religion is a prominent part of most people s lives in our contemporary world. Religion is a cultural system, in this system, there are different beliefs that are normally unique to the religion. In most religions, there is a belief in spiritual beings also known as God. Many people around the world practice their religion by following what is expected of them according to historyRead MoreThe Major Religions Of The World : Judaism, Islam And Christianity1893 Words   |  8 Pagesnames but they all contain water. Just as religions do-they all contain truths. Muhammad Ali is a successful boxer loved by many people. Many people take his advice and find it useful.There are many different religions in the world with different histories, different messages and different impacts towards the world. The religions that are commonly known to man are Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Even though each religion is structured differently, each religion is focused on trying to follow the rightRead MoreThe World Monotheistic Religions Of Islam, Christianity, And Judaism981 Words   |  4 Pages The third world monotheistic religions of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, do share this imperative about loving God/Allah with all the mind, heart, soul, and strength, and love one’s nei ghbor as oneself, which do indeed run contrary to the adversarial processes of managing conflict in the American legal system. It is evident in a litigation situation in a courtroom or in a dispute resolution forum, may it be negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, the two parties locked in argument, debate, andRead MoreIslam, Like Christianity, Judaism And Other World Religions,1076 Words   |  5 Pages Islam, like Christianity, Judaism and other world religions, varies in its interpretations, rituals and practices. It is true that Muslims share certain fundamental beliefs, such as those expressed in the shahadah, the profession of faith: there is only one God and that Muhammad is His Prophet to whom was revealed in the Qur’an (The University of Texas, Muslim Histories and Cultures, 2009). These writings to Islamist believers are their most sacred writings. Islamic culture inherited an ArabRead MoreThree Western Religions and their View on Women: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam636 Words   |  3 Pagessignificant and most commonly known western religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in terms of the role that the woman played and a brief synopsis of the religions itself. Religion is a system of human though which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices that give meaning to the practitioner’s experiences of life through reference to a higher power, deity, or ultimate truth. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are the only religions that are based on a single creator andRead MoreJudaism : The Pioneer Religion From Christianity And Islam First Developed2210 Words   |  9 PagesDecember 16th 2014 PHIL 3100-001 Jeff Sholes Essay #4 1. Judaism is the pioneer religion from which Christianity and Islam first developed. They date back to Abraham, who realized that there is one, true God. Several centuries later, Moses and the Israelites received the Torah at Mount Sinai. The teachings revealed how God wished to be served and worshiped. Moses’ teachings showed that believing in only one true God is the basic principle of Judaism. Judaism’s central idea is that God is supreme; he is

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay - 927 Words

In the words of Otto Von Bismarck, â€Å"Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.† Many of the preceding war novels to All Quiet on the Western Front, misrepresented or overlooked the anguish of war, in favor of more resplendent ideals such as glory, honor, or nationalism. The predominant issue of All Quiet on the Western Front is the terrible atrocities of war. The reality that is portrayed in the novel is that there was no glory or honor in this war, only a fierce barbarity that actually transformed the nature of human existence into irreparable, endless affliction, destroying the soldiers long before their deaths. The novel is narrated by Paul Bà ¤umer, a†¦show more content†¦While the disconnection allows the soldier to adapt to the brutal war environment, it inhibits them from re-entering society. When he takes his leave, he is unable to feel comfortable at home. Even if Paul had survived the war physically, he most likely would not have integrated back into society suitably. The emotional disconnection inhibits soldiers from mourning their fallen friends and comrades. However, Paul was somewhat less than able to completely detach himself from his feelings, and there are several moments in the when he feels himself pulled down by emotion. These rush of feelings indicate the magnitude to which war has automated Paul to cut himself off from feeling, as when he says, with unbridled understatement, â€Å"Parting from my friend Albert Kropp was very hard. But a man gets used to that sort of thing in the army (p. 269) .† World War I was viewed as a new sort of war. Before World War I, wars generally did not involve nonstop fighting over a period of years. In the past the armies mostly consisted of hired mercenaries, or professionals who fought seasonally. However, the soldiers in this novel are volunteers. For Paul and his classmates, the army has become an expression of patriotic duty; they do not perceive it as a career. Outside the classroom, young men of their age faced condemnation from society if they did not join the warShow MoreRelatedAll Quiet of the Western Front756 Words   |  3 PagesPlot Summary: All Quiet on the Western Front Written by Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front is the tale of a young man by the name of Paul. Paul who is nineteen years old gathers several of his friends from school and together they voluntarily join the army fighting for the Axis alliance. Before they are sent off into actual battle, they are faced with the brutal training camp. Along with this they face the cruelty of the life of a soldier. This made them question the reason forRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front700 Words   |  3 PagesThe greatest war novel of all time, All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is a novel that depicted the hardships of a group of teenagers who enlisted in the German Army during World War 1. Enlisting right out of high school forced the teens to experience things they had never thought of. From the life of a soilder on the front line to troubles with home life, war had managed to once again destroy a group of teenagers. Throughout the novel, we saw the men of the Second CompanyRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1797 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: All Quiet on the Western Front Creator: Erich Maria Remarque Date of Publication: 1929 Class: War Novel Anecdotal Information about Author: -Erich Maria Remarque was conceived on 22 June 1898 into a working people family in the German city of Osnabrà ¼ck to Peter Franz Remark (b. 14 June 1867, Kaiserswerth) and Anna Maria (nà ©e Stallknecht; conceived 21 November 1871, Katernberg). -During World War I, Remarque was recruited into the armed force at 18 years old. On 12 June 1917, heRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front943 Words   |  4 Pages The book All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is about a group of 19 year old young men who are changed by the ways of war. There is paul: the main character; Tjaden: a tall, skinny locksmith, also the biggest eater; Albert Kropp: a lance-corporal and the clearest thinker; Muller: studious, intelligent, and likes school; Leer: has a preference for the girls from the prostitution houses and has a beard; Haie Westhus: a peat-digger, and big in size; Deterring: a peasant, he alwaysRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2393 Words   |  10 PagesAll Quiet on the Western Front: Book Review Erich Maria Remarque, author of All Quiet on the Western Front, actually fought in WWI (Remarque 297). Because of this, he was able to write this book with accurate depictions of the war. He writes how being in combat can really take a toll on a person and affect them in a negative way. He also writes of the pain and suffering that the soldiers must cope with that comes along with living in constant fear and danger. When looking at the title of theRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2085 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will consider the different effects created by Erich Maria Remarque in his novel All Quiet on the Western Front. As a writer, Remarque unknowingly left his novel open to readers with completely different perspectives, and to various forms of criticism. This undoubtedly meant that every single reader had been affected by the novel in many different ways which unfortunately for Remarque may have been an effect that he never intended. This essay is divided into 5 main sections. Firstly itRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1089 Words   |  5 Pages In Erich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, human nature is the only abstract periphery between belligerent barbarism and justifiable violence. Through the insipid bombardments that rained shells over the Germans’ heads and noxious implementation of mustard gas, Remarque dexterously misleads the reader into believing that he fights in an apathetic war where all remnants of human nature and identity have been destroyed with the introduction of trench warfare. Through Paul Baumer’sRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1509 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"He fell in October 1918, on a day that was so quiet and still on the whole front, that the army report confined itself to a single sentence: All quiet on the Western Front† (Remarque 296). Paul Baumer, the narrator of All Quiet on the Western Front, enlisted into the German army at a young age of nineteen with a group of friends from school. Kantorek, Paul’s teacher, â€Å"gave us long lectures until the whole of our class went, under his shepherding, to the District Commandant and volunteered† (RemarqueRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, soldiers at the front have a better idea than civilians of the true n ature of war because they have experienced the war while civilians have only read about it or listened to government propaganda. Remarque is trying to tell us that only those who experience the war can understand how awful war truly is. In All Quiet on the Western Front, the main character Paul goes back to his home, the people he meets still think that the Germans are winningRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1790 Words   |  8 Pagessmell of cigar smoke, gunpowder, and dirt that filled the air. There was no nationalism; all Paul wanted was survival. World War I was supposed to be about nationalism and the propaganda forced upon the soldiers to feel superiority over other countries, but Paul helps to prove otherwise, as his story tells what is was like to be at the front, and how tough it was to be a soldier. â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† portrays war as it was actually experienced, replacing the romantic picture of glory and

Mutually Assured Destruction free essay sample

Among the potential components of the defense system were both space- and earth-based laser battle stations, which, by a combination of methods, would direct their killing beams toward moving Soviet targets. Air-based missile platforms and ground-based missiles using other non-nuclear killing mechanisms would constitute the rear echelon of defense and would be concentrated around such major targets as U. S. ICBM silos. The sensors to detect attacks would be based on the ground, in the air, and in space, and would use radar, optical, and infrared threat-detection systems. This system would tip the nuclear balance toward the United States. The Soviets feared that SDI would enable the United States to launch a first-strike against them. Critics pointed to the vast technological uncertainties of the system, in addition to its enormous cost. Although work was begun on the program, the technology proved to be too complex and much of the research was cancelled by later administrations. The idea of missile defense system would resurface later as the National Missile Defense. old War: A Brief History Chernobyl On April 26, 1986, the worlds worst nuclear-power accident occurred at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Republic of Ukraine. The accident occurred when technicians at reactor Unit 4 attempted a poorly designed experiment. The chain reaction in the core went out of control. Several explosions triggered a large fireball and blew off the heavy steel and concrete lid of the reactor. This and the ensuing fire in the graphite reactor core released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. A partial meltdown of the core also occurred. A cover-up was attempted, but on April 28, Swedish monitoring stations reported abnormally high levels of wind-transported radioactivity and pressed for an explanation. The Soviet Union finally acknowledged that the accident had occurred. An estimated 100 to 150 million curies of radiation escaped into the atmosphere before cleanup crews were able to bring the fires under control and stabilize the situation some two weeks later. The radioactivity was spread by the wind over Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine and soon reached as far west as France and Italy. Finally, workers erected an enormous concrete-and-steel shell or sarcophagus over the damaged reactor to prevent radioactive materials, including gases and dust, from further escaping. Initially, the Chernobyl accident caused the deaths of 32 people. Dozens more contracted serious radiation sickness; some of these people later died. Millions of acres of forest and farmland were contaminated; and although many thousands of people were evacuated, hundreds of thousands more remained in contaminated areas. In addition, in subsequent years many livestock were born deformed, and among humans several thousand radiation-induced illnesses and cancer deaths were expected in the long term. In December 2000 the last of the four reactors at Chernobyl was shut down. The End of the Cold War With the passing of several Soviet leaders, Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union. His rise to power ushered in an era of perestroika (restructuring) and of glasnost (openness). U. S. -Soviet relations improved considerably during the middle 1980s. At a dramatic summit meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland, in October 1986, Gorbachev proposed a 50-percent reduction in the nuclear arsenals of each side, and for a time it seemed as though a historic agreement would be reached. The summit ended in failure, owing to differences over SDI. However, on December 8, 1987, the  Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treatywas signed in Washington, eliminating an entire class of nuclear weapons. The INF Treaty was the first arms-control pact to require an actual reduction in nuclear arsenals rather than merely restricting their proliferation. As the decade came to an end, much of the Eastern Bloc began to crumble. The Hungarian government took down the barbed wire on its border with Austria and the West. The Soviet Union did nothing in response. Although travel was still not completely free, the Iron Curtain was starting to unravel. On November 10, 1989, one of the most famous symbols of the Cold War came down: the Berlin Wall. By the end of the year, leaders of every Eastern European nation except Bulgaria had been ousted by popular uprisings. By mid-1990, many of the Soviet republics had declared their independence. Turmoil in the Soviet Union continued, as there were several attempts at overthrowing Gorbachev. On December 8, 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (C. I. S. ). After 45 years, the Cold War was over. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world generally felt that the threat of a nuclear war had subsided. On May 11, 1998, the world was reminded that nuclear proliferation was still an issue, as India shocked the world by conducting three underground nuclear tests in the Rajasthan Desert in western India. Indian officials claimed that they were a fission device, a low-yield device and a thermonuclear device. Although, India had conducted a peaceful nuclear explosion in 1974, it was generally assumed that the country was not overly active in developing more nuclear devices. Two days later, India conducted two more sub-kiloton nuclear tests. Pakistan further increased global tensions when it conducted five nuclear tests on May 28, 1998. Officials did not release any information about the types or yields of the tests. Two days later, Pakistan conducted one more nuclear test. Pakistan had pursued the development of nuclear weapons since 1972. Their bomb development has been rumored to be greatly assisted by the Chinese. The United States placed economic sanctions on both countries as required by the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Act. Both countries have announced a moratorium on further nuclear testing. In a report from  Seismological Research Letters, India and Pakistan exaggerated the number and size of the nuclear weapons each nation detonated, overstating the power of the atomic bombs by a factor of four. According to the analysis, two of the five nuclear explosions announced by the Indian government may never have taken place. The study also reported that only two in the series of nuclear tests that the Pakistan government announced actually involved real nuclear explosions. The Risks One reason for the concern that India and Pakistan had acquired nuclear weapons is the fact that since 1947 they had gone to war three times and had several skirmishes over the control of Kashmir. Each side has continued development of more advanced weapons systems, including ballistic missile systems. However, steps are being taken to reduce the risks of a nuclear confrontation by both sides, such as establishing a hot line between the two governments. Proliferation Concerns In 2004, the rogue nuclear network led by A. Q. Khan, a chief architect of Pakistans nuclear bomb was finally acknowledged by the Pakistani government. Intelligence officials had watched Dr. Khan for years and suspected that he was trafficking in machinery for enriching uranium to make fuel for warheads. He confessed on national television was pardoned soon after by President Musharraf and has been under house arrest since. The Pakistani government claimed that Khan acted independently and without state knowledge. Libya, Iran and probably North Korea had some assistance with their nuclear weapons programs from Kahn. The complete extent of Khans decades-long involvement in the illegal transfer of nuclear materials and technologies is not known. In March 2006, India and the United States sealed a landmark civilian nuclear cooperation pact. The pact marks a major breakthrough for New Delhi, long treated as a nuclear pariah by the world, as it allows it to access American atomic technology and fuel to meet its soaring energy needs provided the U. S. Congress gives its approval. Just as India and Pakistan have come out of the nuclear shadows, several other nations also have advanced nuclear programs. Worlds Nuclear States (2006) South Africa South Africa is the only nation to have successfully developed nuclear weapons and then voluntarily dismantled its entire nuclear-weapons program. In March 1993, then-President De Klerk announced that the nation had produced nuclear weapons, but destroyed them before signing the NPT in 1991. South Africa also became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 1995. It was further revealed that on the night of September 22, 1979, the flash detected by the U. S. VELA satellite was from a nuclear explosion. South Africa also acknowledged that it had received assistance from Israel in exchange for 550 tons of raw uranium. Israel Israel is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and has not acknowledged that it has nuclear weapons, but generally is regarded as a de facto nuclear-weapon state. Based on the real or perceived threat from its Arab and Persian neighbors, Israel continues to maintain a highly advanced military, a nuclear-weapons program and offensive and defensive missiles. Israels nuclear program, the most advanced in the Middle East, began in the late 1950s to meet the perceived threat to the state. Its missile program began in the 1960s with French assistance. Its nuclear arsenal is estimated at between 20 and 100 Nagasaki-sized bombs. The country has formally stated that it would not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Middle East. Israel has not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), but has signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Iraq After Iraqs defeat in the 1991 Gulf War, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) discovered that Iraq had violated the NPT by secretly pursuing a nuclear-weapons program. The IAEA investigation revealed details of Baghdads efforts to design an implosion-type nuclear explosive device and to test its non-nuclear components, including Iraqs plans to produce large quantities of lithium-6, a material used usually for the production of boosted atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs. IAEA officials estimated that Iraq might have been able, had the war not intervened, to) to manufacture its first atomic weapons, using indigenously produced weapons-grade uranium, as early as the fall of 1993. IAEA inspectors returned to Iraq in November 2002 after a four-year lapse and stayed until their March 2003 evacuation, which preceded the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The subsequent invasion by U. S. -led coalition forces was rooted in the belief that Saddam Husseins regime had been deceiving the IAEA and hiding its WMD arsenals and capabilities. Although investigations confirmed that Iraqs nuclear programs were destroyed after the first Gulf War, it was believed that Iraq had not abandoned its quest for nuclear weapons. It was estimated that Iraq could probably rebuild its nuclear-weapons program and manufacture a device in five to seven years, if United Nations sanctions were removed. While Iraqs WMD arsenals and capabilities were never discovered, troubling reports have emerged about missing nuclear-related equipment and materials in Iraq that, according to the IAEA, has been disappearing from previously monitored sites since the start of the war in 2003. Iran Iran is another threshold nation. Although Iran had been a party to the NPT since 1970, it is believed to have pursued a secret nuclear-weapons program since the mid-1980s. China and Russia have been Irans main suppliers of nuclear technology. As Irans nuclear capabilities grew, the EU-3 (France, Great Britain and Germany) sought to negotiate with Iran about the issue of peaceful nuclear-research activities, including the development of a nuclear fuel-cycle infrastructure in mid-2005. Attempts were made to persuade Iran to give up its fuel-cycle ambitions and accept nuclear fuel from abroad, but Tehran made it clear that any proposal that did not guarantee Irans access to peaceful nuclear technology would lead to the cessation of all nuclear-related negotiations with the EU-3. Tensions were further heightened when highly enriched uranium (HEU) particle contamination was found at various locations in Iran. In August 2005, the IAEA announced that contamination was found to be of foreign origin and concluded that much of the HEU found on centrifuge parts was from imported Pakistani equipment, rather than from any enrichment activities conducted by Iran. However, The EU said Iran had lost its right to nuclear energy under Article 4 of the NPT because it violated Article 2-not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear-related weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. The country refused to comply with the resolution from the IAEA to halt its nuclear program. The next month, the IAEA found Iran in non-compliance of the NPT. The resolution passed with 21 votes of approval, with Russia and China among the 12 who abstained from voting. The IAEAs report on Irans nuclear ambitions topped the agenda of a closed-door meeting of the United Nation s Security Council on March 17, 2006. After the meeting, the Council announced that it was close to agreement on elements of a text reaffirming that Iran should comply with calls from the IAEA Governing Board and was seeking a report from the agencys director-general on the matter. Iran is attempting to finish its Bushehr reactor and establish a complete nuclear fuel cycle. Though it is not clear how close Iran is to developing a nuclear device, estimate range from a few years to nearly a decade. North Korea Although North Korea signed the NPT in 1985, it is believed to have pursued an active nuclear-weapons program, in violation of the Treaty. The country did not permit the IAEA to conduct required inspections, until May 1992. It is assumed that North Korea has made enough plutonium for one to two nuclear weapons. In a tentative agreement with the U. S. in 1994, North Korea agreed to suspend further development of nuclear weapons in exchange for increased aid and heating oil. In February 2005, a spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry announced that North Korea had manufactured nuclear weapons. This announcement followed Pyongyangs January 2003 declaration that the country was withdrawing from the NPT. In early April 2005, North Korea shut down its 5MW(e) reactor in Yongbuon-kun and declared that the spent fuel would be extracted to increase North Koreas nuclear deterrent. Since North Korea had been operating the reactor since late February 2003, its technicians should be able to extract enough plutonium from the spent fuel for 1-3 nuclear bombs. In September 2005, the North Korean delegation to the Six-Party Talks in Beijing signed a Statement of Principles whereby Pyongyang agreed to abandon all nuclear programs and return to the NPT and IAEA safeguards. However, on the following day a spokesman for the Foreign Ministry declared that the U. S. would have to provide a light-water reactor to North Korea in order to resolve the lack of trust between the two countries. The Six-Parties agreed to meet again. Additionally, in mid-2002, U. S. intelligence discovered that North Korea had been receiving materials from Pakistan for a highly enriched uranium-production facility. In October 2002, the U. S. State Department informed North Korea that the U. S. as aware of this program, which is a violation of Pyongyangs nonproliferation commitments. North Korean officials initially denied the existence of such a program, but then acknowledged it. The IAEA has not been able to verify the completeness nor correctness of North Koreas initial declaration submitted in 1992, and the agency cannot verify whether fissile material has been diverted to military use. Libya Another nation of concern was Libya. In December 2003, Libyan leader Col. Muammar Qadha fi publicly confirmed his commitment to disclose and dismantle WMD programs in his country following a nine-month period of negotiations with U. S. and UK authorities. He also pledged to adhere to the NPT, which Libya had ratified in 1975, and to sign the Additional Protocol, which was done on March 10, 2004. He then invited the IAEA to verify the elimination of nuclear-weapon-related activities in Libya, which the agency did in December 2003. Inspectors found imported equipment and technology at a number of previously secret nuclear facilities in and around Tripoli. It has been revealed that Abdul Qadeer Khan of Pakistan is responsible for providing Libya with its nuclear warhead p lans, raw uranium and enrichment centrifuges through his black-market network One of the most significant international agreements that attempted to address the spread of nuclear weapons is the  Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This treaty is an attempt to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. Under the terms of the NPT, the nations with nuclear weapons are committed not to sell them or aid in their development. Similarly, the non-nuclear states pledge not to acquire nuclear weapons or the technology to manufacture them. To date 185 nations have signed the NPT. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) governs the inspection of their facilities. In 1996, the world renewed the treaty indefinitely. Major non-signers of the NPT include India, Pakistan, Cuba, and Israel. In addition to the NPT, another major treaty towards arms control is the  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), which has been signed by 150 countries. It completely bans all testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater or below ground. Efforts toward this treaty have been underway since the 1960s. However, like the NPT, it has several major non-signers. Some treaties, including the  Antarctic Treaty, the  Treaty of Tlatelolco, and the  Outer Space Treaty, have sought to control the places where nuclear weapons can be deployed. Although the NPT limits the possession of nuclear weapons, none of these treaties limit the number of weapons nor have they led to disarmament. There have been several arms-limitation treaties;  Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), the Vladivostok Agreement, and  SALT II. In 1988, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the  Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), which broke new ground by eliminating an entire class of nuclear missiles. This treaty was followed by the  Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), which was signed on July 31, 1991, after almost ten years of difficult negotiations. However, with the breakup of the Soviet Union five months later, four independent states with strategic nuclear weapons came into existenceBelarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine. Through the Lisbon Protocol, signed in 1992, all four states became parties to the START I treaty. The treaty did not enter into force until these new states ratified the treaty and signed the NPT as non-nuclear states. Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine have removed all their nuclear warheads. The START I treaty was followed by  START II. After much delay, the treaty was finally ratified by the Russians in April 2000. The United States had ratified the treaty in 1996. By the end of the treatys reduction timetable, the total number of strategic warheads could not exceed 3,500. By the end of 2002, no MIRVed ICBMs were allowed to be deployed. The treaty also limits the number of warheads on SLBMs, which can remain MIRVed. Currently efforts are focused on negotiating the START III treaty, which would create a ceiling of 2,000-2,500 strategic weapons. Cold War: A Brief History National Missile Defense In the wake of the Gulf War and the use of Patriot missiles against Iraqi SCUD missiles, the United States increased its development of a variety of missile defense systems. National Missile Defense (NMD) is a program designed to defeat a limited ballistic missile strike against the United States. This system uses a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI) to hit the incoming warhead before it reenters the atmosphere. The goal of the NMD is to create a system that is capable of striking in space a fast-moving intercontinental ballistic missile headed toward the U. S. The NMD system would need to track attacking missiles and then launch and guide intercepting vehicles into the warheads, avoiding debris and decoys. The U. S. has had only limited success with the system during testing. In May 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the U. S. as going to move forward in the development of the NMD. However, any further development of an anti-ballistic missile defense system would have violated the  1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. The ABM treaty prohibits the development, testing and deployment of strategic missile defense systems and components that are based in the air, at sea or in space. On December 13, 2001, President Bush formally notified Russia and three former Sovie t republics that it had invoked Article 15 of the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty to withdraw from the pact in six months. It marked the first time in the nuclear era that the United States has renounced a major arms control treaty. Russian President Vladimir Putin responded by saying, This step was not a surprise for us. However, we consider it a mistake. Current estimates of the cost to develop, build and operate an NMD are about $80 billion. Efforts are also underway to develop a Theater Missile Defense, which is designed to protect regions that are not covered by the NMD but are under threat from a ballistic missile attack. Thousands of nuclear weapons are not the only legacy of the Atomic Age. Years of aboveground testing and nuclear weapons production have produced massive amounts of nuclear waste and contamination. A National Cancer Institute study reported that many states not adjacent to the Nevada Test Site also received high levels of Iodine 131. It is not known how many cancers may be attributed to aboveground testing, nor the levels or extent of fallout from Soviet testing. Testing in the Pacific has also left many atolls uninhabitable and their residents islandless. Studies continue on the long-term effects of exposure to the bombs fallout. But far more dangerous than the fallout from testing is the dilemma of the massive amounts of nuclear waste. The arms race has produced waste from such sources as the reactors that make the plutonium and tritium, the tailings from uranium mining, and other by-products from the nuclear weapons development process. As more nuclear weapons are removed, the safe storage of their warheads becomes increasingly more urgent. Safe storage of other nuclear materials is also an area of international concern.

Old World Wine and New World Wine Essay Sample free essay sample

The vinos are divided into two classs. the old universe vino and the new universe vino. When Hugh Johnson came up with his construct of these two universes. people have started to happen out the differences. Wines are drinks of Gods. and people enjoy them and hold their ain apprehension of vinos. We will write a custom essay sample on Old World Wine and New World Wine Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The old universe vinos are traditional while the new universe vinos are modern. In this research paper. I will state the difference ( s ) between these two worlds’ vinos in facets of their natures. civilizations. histories. every bit good as their developments today. Keyword: new universe vino. old word vino A film called Mondovino ( 2004 ) by Jonathan Nossiter is a docudrama on the impact of the globalisation on different parts in the universe. By exchanging the lens. the manager presents to the universe that people who live under the same bluish sky but in different topographic points of the Earth have different apprehension of vinos. and those differences can even take to ferocious struggles. If people have spent a batch clip on the universe of vino. they might hold been cognizant of the differences in the vinos between the new and old World because when a bottle of vino is produced. the clime. the dirt. and the civilization of its production topographic point are of course integrated into it. and merely the people who understand the vino can savor the spirit of it. No affair the new universe vinos or the old universe vino we have today. the differences reflect the beginning. the development. and the development of the vinos. In other universes. the differences are non about competiti ons between old and new universe vinos. but the represent of the diverseness of vinos. It is said that the first individual to suggest the construct of old and new universe vino is a British vino author named Hugh Johnson. From his actual description. he distinguished the new and old universe vino from the location of the bring forthing states. The ancient European vino bring forthing states belong to the old universe. and those states includes France. Italy. Spain. Portugal. Germany. Austria. Hungary. Greece and other eastern European states and parts. On the other manus. new universe includes South Africa. the United States. Chile. Argentina. Australia. New Zealand. every bit good as many other emerging wine bring forthing states. The new universe vinos. as the name suggests. the history of it is non really long. The old universe vino means. of class. holding rather a history. However. the Australian has been bring forthing vino for over a hundred old ages. and it is even longer for Argentina. Therefore. the definitions of the old and new universe have begun to film over. but the manner of these two world’s vinos does hold some differences. The geographical location and climatic conditions determine the differences in the nonsubjective conditions of the old and new universes. Compared to the old universe counties. the clime conditions of the new universe states. such as the United States. Australia. New Zealand. are comparatively stable. In most of the clip. there is no hoar when the grapes begin to bud. no plagues when the grapes are turning. and less rains when grapes are in adulthood. These are the advantages of the vino industries in the new universe. They can guarantee the quality of their grapes. but they are missing of the distinguishable alterations in the vino styles that caused by the climatic factors. In the old universe states. no affair in France or Germany. there are uncertainnesss in the climatic conditions. which can take to a crisp difference between good and bad old ages. Some rare vinos do non be every twelvemonth. such as the Germany ice vinos and TBA vinos. The old universe counties are confronting clime challenges. but at the same clip it lets the old universe vino have more gustatory sensations and manners so that people have funny and expects every twelvemonth. Cultural developments and historical heritages have created the differences in the doctrine on winemaking between the old and new universe. The old universe vinos are to stay by the traditions and respect traditions. From the pick of the assortments of grapes. the cultivation of grapes to assorted facets of brewing. like reaping. oppressing. agitation. blending. and aging. people still respect the traditions that have been followed for 100s or 1000s of old ages. For illustration. Gallic people respect the spirit of Terroir. They believe the original land. dirt. clime. and assortments of grapes are best represents of the vino and its civilization. and the nature factors are the best to make up ones mind and incarnate the kernel of vinos. AOC system is the protection and reading of the traditional Gallic winemaking doctrine. If people mix grapes from different geographical locations. it would be considered as the misdemeanor to the vino spirit and civilization. If a vino used non-statu tory assortment of grapes. no affair how beautiful and tasty it was. it could non go the AOC degree. The new universe vinos have more invention and reformation in vino manners. Peoples improve vinos in the experiment. They use different assortments of grape and seting techniques. have the modern brewing doctrine and production organisations. The new universe vinos have truly new faces. gustatory sensations. and qualities. For the New World. there is no heavy history and heritage ; there are less experience bondage and constructs restraints. The legal doctrine limitations are about non-existent. Therefore. in the new universe vino development. people are more originative and accept the spirit of the new things. Mechanical picking machines. skining machines. thermostatic chromium steel steel agitation armored combat vehicles. and screw caps are all inventions from the new universe. However. so far. some of the new constructs are non accepted by some or the full old universe. For case. the wine maker Wolf Blass and Black Label in Australia select good grapes from all over the universe and do perfect vinos. Although the vinos they made are good. and frequently win awards in the tasting competitions. it is still hard for traditional old universe to accept them. The old universe wineries normally follow their traditional concern theoretical account in a smaller graduated table. and they pay more attending t o the traditional brewing procedure. The old universe wines stress on the balance of assortment of grapes and are more elegant. Although people use assorted assortments of grapes. they do non alter them because they have been utilizing them for coevalss. The packaging and labels of old universe vino focal point on its part and are traditional. Furthermore. every old universe vino bring forthing states have rigorous statutory categorization systems. In contrast. the new universe wine makers ever have big viniculture and big size organisations. and they focus on the scientific discipline. the engineering and the direction. The new universe vinos purposes for modern people. It has fruit spirit. unfastened manner. every bit good as a individual grape assortment in common. The packaging and labels focus on the designation of grape assortments. and the labels are more graphic and active. At last. the new universe vino bring forthing states normally do non hold the legal categorization systems. but some of them have simple categorization Son. and well-known vino fabrication locations are in general the marks of good quality. There is a certain grade of objectiveness to split the vino into two universes and separate them. The difference is m ore about the construct of the history and civilization. In every state. there are a broad assortment of vinos. This is the appeal of vinos. and merely in this manner. it can be called vinos. Mention: Banks. G. ( 2010 ) . Old universe. new universe. 3rd universe? reconceptualising the universes of vino. Journal of Wine Research. 21 ( 1 ) . 57-75. Old and new worlds’ vinos clearly differ. ( 2010. May 22 ) . Citizens’ Voice. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. proquest. com/docview/577024374? accountid=10043 Ken Collura Ken Collura is wine manager and wine waiter at the El Monte Sagrado Resort in Taos. N. ( 2004 ) . New universe and old universe in the context of vinos. Richmond Times – Dispatch. 3. Iacopo Bernetti. McGill University. Canada. Leonardo Casini. McGill University. Canada. A ; Nicola Marinelli. McGill University. Canada. ( 2006 ) . Wine and globalization: Changes in the international market construction and the place of Italy. British Food Journal. 108 ( 4 ) . 306-315.